Apple Women’s Health Study
The Apple Women’s Health Study is the first long-term research study of this scale and scope that aims to advance the understanding of menstrual cycles and their relationship to various health conditions.
Publications
Menstrual product use patterns in a large digital cohort in the United States: variations by sociodemographic, health, and menstrual characteristics
American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, March 2025: This study aims to describe menstrual product use patterns in the Apple Women’s Health Study and variations by sociodemographic, health, and menstrual characteristics.
Early-life menstrual characteristics and gestational diabetes in a large US cohort
Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, November 2024: This study examines early-life menstrual characteristics and gestational diabetes in the Apple Women’s Health Study.
Signs of potential androgen excess across the lifespan in a US-based digital cohort study
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, October 2024: This study examines signs of potential androgen excess across the lifespan in the Apple Women’s Health Study.
Trends in sensor-based health metrics during and after pregnancy: descriptive data from the Apple Women’s Health Study
American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology Global Reports, August 2024: This study aims to describe changes in physiologic and behavioral sensor-based health metrics during pregnancy and postpartum in the Apple Women’s Health Study and their relationship to demographic factors.
Menarche and time to cycle regularity among individuals born between 1950 and 2005 in the US
The Journal of the American Medical Association Network Open, May 2024: This study examines the temporal trends in age at menarche and cycle regularity of individuals born between 1950 to 2005 in the Apple Women’s Health Study.
Irregular cycles, ovulatory disorders, and cardiometabolic conditions in a US-based digital cohort
The Journal of the American Medical Association Network Open, May 2024: This study examines the association of PCOS, time to regularity since menarche, and irregular cycles with cardiometabolic conditions in the Apple Women’s Health Study.
Seasonal variations of menstrual cycle length in a large, US-based, digital cohort
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, March 2024: This study examines and quantifies seasonal patterns in menstrual cycle length of over 17,000 participants in the Apple Women’s Health Study.
Menstrual cycle length variation by demographic characteristics from the Apple Women’s Health Study
Nature Digital Medicine, May 2023: Menstrual characteristics are important signs of overall health. Here we examine the variation of menstrual cycle length by age, ethnicity, and body weight using cycles from over 12,000 participants in the Apple Women’s Health Study.
Abnormal uterine bleeding patterns determined through menstrual tracking among participants in the Apple Women’s Health Study
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, February 2023: This study aimed to identify abnormal uterine bleeding patterns and their prevalence and confirm existing and expected associations between abnormal uterine bleeding patterns, demographics, and medical conditions.
COVID-19 vaccination and menstrual cycle length in the Apple Women’s Health Study
Nature Digital Medicine, November 2022: COVID-19 vaccination may be associated with change in menstrual cycle length following vaccination. We estimated covariate-adjusted differences in mean cycle length (MCL), measured in days, between pre-vaccination cycles, vaccination cycles, and post-vaccination cycles within vaccinated participants who met eligibility criteria in the Apple Women’s Health Study, a longitudinal mobile-application-based cohort of people in the U.S. with manually logged menstrual cycles.
Attempts to conceive and the COVID-19 pandemic: data from the Apple Women’s Health Study
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, September 2022: This study examined attempts to conceive and the COVID-19 pandemic using data from the Apple Women’s Health Study.
Design and methods of the Apple Women’s Health Study: a digital longitudinal cohort study
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, April 2022: The Apple Women’s Health Study was designed to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship among menstrual cycles, health, and behavior. This paper describes the design and methods of the ongoing Apple Women’s Health Study and provides the demographic characteristics of the first 10,000 participants.