Since the early 2000s, aid organizations and developing country governments have invested heavily in AIDS treatment. By 2010, more than five million people began receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART)–yet each year, 2.7 million people are becoming newly infected and another two million are dying without ever having received treatment. As the need for treatment grows without commensurate increase in the amount of available resources, it is critical to assess the health and economic gains being realized from increasingly large investments in ART. This study estimates total program costs and compares them with selected economic benefits of ART, for the current cohort of patients whose treatment is cofinanced by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. At end 2011, 3.5 million patients in low and middle income countries will be receiving ART through treatment programs cofinanced by the Global Fund. Using 2009 ART prices and program costs, we estimate that the discounted resource needs required for maintaining this cohort are $14.2 billion for the period 2011-2020. This investment is expected to save 18.5 million life-years and return $12 to $34 billion through increased labor productivity, averted orphan care, and deferred medical treatment for opportunistic infections and end-of-life care. Under alternative assumptions regarding the labor productivity effects of HIV infection, AIDS disease, and ART, the monetary benefits range from 81 percent to 287 percent of program costs over the same period. These results suggest that, in addition to the large health gains generated, the economic benefits of treatment will substantially offset, and likely exceed, program costs within 10 years of investment.

Around 8.8 million children under-five die each year, mostly due to infectious diseases, including malaria that accounts for 16% of deaths in Africa, but the impact of international financing of malaria control on under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa has not been examined.

By the end of 2011 Global Fund investments will be supporting 3.5 million people on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 104 low- and middle-income countries. We estimated the cost and health impact of continuing treatment for these patients through 2020.

Inadequate access to quality maternal and child health services leads to poor health outcomes for millions of women, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aims to explore the effective coverage of reproductive, maternal, neonatal and newborn health (RMNCH) services and examines socioeconomic and rural and urban disparities in 39 LMICs.

() presents significant clinical challenges. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of a β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor combination against and explored the underlying mechanisms. Synergy was assessed through MIC tests and time-kill studies, and binding affinities of nine β-lactams and BLIs to eight target receptors (L,D-transpeptidases [LDT] 1-5, D,D-carboxypeptidase, penicillin-binding protein [PBP] B, and PBP-lipo) were assessed using mass spectrometry and kinetic studies. Thermal stability and morphological changes were determined. Imipenem demonstrated high binding affinity to LDTs and PBPs, with extremely low inhibition constants (; ≤0.002 mg/L for LDT1-2, ≤0.6 mg/L for PBPs), while cephalosporins, sulopenem, tebipenem, and amoxicillin exhibited moderate to low binding affinity. Durlobactam inactivated Bla and LDT/PBPs more potently than avibactam. The s of durlobactam for PBP B, PBP-lipo, and LDT2 were below clinically achievable unbound concentrations, while avibactam’s for LDT/PBPs exceeded the clinical concentrations. Single β-lactam treatments resulted in minimal killing (~1 log reduction). Although avibactam yielded no effect, combinations with avibactam showed a significant reduction (~4 log CFU/mL). Durlobactam alone showed ~2 log reduction, and when combined with imipenem or two β-lactams, durlobactam achieved near-eradication of , surpassing the current therapy (amikacin + clarithromycin + imipenem/cefoxitin). Inactivation of PBP-lipo by sulopenem, imipenem, durlobactam, and amoxicillin (with avibactam) led to morphological changes, showing filaments. This study demonstrates the mechanistic basis of combinations therapy, particularly imipenem + durlobactam, in overcoming β-lactam resistance in .

There is a dearth of evidence regarding the global economic burden of ischaemic heart diseases (IHDs). This systematic review aims to synthesise national-level studies worldwide quantifying the economic burden of IHDs from a provider’s perspective.

Stand-alone HIV clinics in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have effectively expanded antiretroviral therapy since the 2000s, transforming HIV from a deadly infection into a chronic condition. However, over the past decade, there has been a significant rise in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally and in SSA. People living with HIV are at higher risk for some NCDs, including hypertension, diabetes and different cancers. The region’s current healthcare infrastructure is not equipped to address this growing burden. Integrating health services for HIV and NCDs (ie, combining services for HIV with services for hypertension, diabetes, depression and mental health, substance use disorder or cancer) could be one strategy for responding to these challenges. In this scoping review, we aim to identify randomised controlled trials on HIV-NCD integration, assess implemented integration models and measured outcomes and highlight evidence gaps.

Maternal mortality remains a large challenge in global health. Learning from the experience of similar countries can help to accelerate progress. In this analysis we develop a typology of country groupings for maternal health and provide guidance on how policy implications vary by country typology. We used estimates from the Global Maternal Health (GMatH) microsimulation model, which was empirically calibrated to a range of fertility, process, and mortality indicators and provides estimates for 200 countries and territories. We used the 2022 estimates of the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and lifetime risk of maternal death (LTR) and used a k-means clustering algorithm to define groups of countries based on these indicators. We estimated the means of other maternal indicators for each group, as well as the mean impact of different policy interventions. We identified 7 groups (A-G) of country typologies with different salient features. High burden countries (A-B) generally have MMRs above 500 and LTRs above 2%, and account for nearly 25% of global maternal deaths. Countries in these groups are estimated to benefit most from improving access to family planning and increasing facility births. Middle burden countries (C-E) generally have MMRs between 100-500 and LTRs between 0.5%-3%. Countries in these groups account for 55% of global maternal deaths and would benefit most from increasing facility births and improving quality of care. Low burden countries (F-G) generally have MMRs below 100 and LTRs below 0.5%, account for 20% of global maternal deaths, and would benefit most from improving access to family planning and community-based interventions and linkages to care. Indicators vary widely across groups, but also within groups, highlighting the importance of considering multiple indicators when assessing progress in maternal health. Policy impacts also differ by country typology, providing policymakers with information to help prioritize interventions.