‘Report card’ on diet trends: Low-quality carbs account for 42 percent of a day’s calories
For immediate release: Tuesday, September 24, 2019
Boston, MA – Despite years of steady advice and guidance on healthy eating, a ‘report card’ on the American diet shows adults are still consuming too many low-quality carbohydrates and more saturated fat than recommended, according to researchers at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University.
The study, which was published on September 24, 2019 in JAMA, looked at dietary trends over an 18-year period.
Although the study identified some dietary improvements, it also found that low-quality carbohydrates from refined grains, starchy vegetables, and added sugars accounted for 42 percent of the typical American’s daily calories. High-quality carbs, from whole grains and whole fruits, accounted for only 9 percent. Over the study period:
- Total carbohydrate intake went down 2 percent, and Americans were successful in cutting back on low-quality carbs by 3 percent. However, consumption of healthier, high-quality carbs increased by only 1 percent.
- Total fat intake increased by 1 percent, half of which was saturated fat. Total saturated fat intake represented 12 percent of daily calories, which is above the recommended daily amount of 10 percent.
The study authors note that any dietary improvements were less pronounced for older people and those of lower income or educational attainment:
- Higher income adults reduced their intake of low-quality carbs by 4 percent over the study period, but those living below the poverty line cut their intake by only 2 percent.
- While most Americans improved adherence to dietary guidelines, there was no improvement seen for adults over 50 years old, people with less than a high school education, and those living below the poverty line.
“Although there are some encouraging signs that the American diet improved slightly over time, we are still a long way from getting an ‘A’ on this report card. Our study tells us where we need to improve for the future,” said co-senior author Fang Fang Zhang, nutrition epidemiologist at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University. “These findings also highlight the need for interventions to reduce socioeconomic differences in diet quality, so that all Americans can experience the health benefits of an improved diet.”
The study drilled down into consumption trends of specific nutrients, such as plant-based protein and saturated fatty acids, which the researchers said provide insights on how changes in food sources might offer health benefits.
“For example, most of the proteins that Americans consumed were from meats—including red and processed meat. Proteins consumed from seafood and healthy plant sources, such as whole grains, nuts, and legumes, remained a much smaller proportion,” said co-senior author Shilpa Bhupathiraju, research scientist at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, also with Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “Our research suggests that Americans have an opportunity to diversify their sources of protein to include more seafood, beans, soy products, nuts and seeds.”
“Because low-quality carbs are associated with disease risk, taking in higher-quality carbs could mean better health for Americans in the future,” said first author on the study, Zhilei Shan, nutritional epidemiology fellow at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. At the time of this study, he was also working under the auspices of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
The study examined the diets of 43,996 adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants are representative of the national adult population and completed at least one valid 24-hour dietary recall from nine consecutive cycles of the NHANES (1999 to 2016). Researchers used the USDA’s Food and Nutrition Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) to estimate nutrient intake. To assess overall diet quality, the researchers used the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, which measures adherence to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Limitations of the study include the fact that self-reported food recall data is subject to measurement error due to daily variations in food intake, but steps were taken to improve estimates.
Additional authors are Colin D. Rehm, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Gail Rogers, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University; Mengyuan Ruan, formerly of the Friedman School at Tufts University; Dong D. Wang, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Frank B. Hu, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School; and Dariush Mozaffarian, Friedman School at Tufts University.
This work was supported by awards from National Institutes of Health’s National Institute on Minority and Health Disparities (R01MD011501) and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK107804). This work was also supported by The Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The content of this announcement is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Please see the study for conflicts of interest.
Shan, Z., Rehm, C.D., Rogers, G., Ruan, M., Wang, D.D., Hu, F.B., Mozaffarian, D., Zhang, F.F. & Bhupathiraju, S. (2019). Trends in dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake and diet quality among US adults, 1999-2006. JAMA, 322(12), 1-10. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.13771
Photo: Chris Tweten from Pixabay
For more information:
To contact Harvard Chan School researchers:
Chris Sweeney
617.432.8416
csweeney@hsph.harvard.edu
To contact Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition researchers:
Siobhan Gallagher
617.636.658
siobhan.gallagher@tufts.edu
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Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health brings together dedicated experts from many disciplines to educate new generations of global health leaders and produce powerful ideas that improve the lives and health of people everywhere. As a community of leading scientists, educators, and students, we work together to take innovative ideas from the laboratory to people’s lives—not only making scientific breakthroughs, but also working to change individual behaviors, public policies, and health care practices. Each year, more than 400 faculty members at Harvard Chan School teach 1,000-plus full-time students from around the world and train thousands more through online and executive education courses. Founded in 1913 as the Harvard-MIT School of Health Officers, the School is recognized as America’s oldest professional training program in public health.
The Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University is the only independent school of nutrition in the United States. The school’s five divisions – which focus on questions relating to nutrition and chronic diseases, molecular nutrition, agriculture and sustainability, food security, humanitarian assistance, public health nutrition, and food policy and economics – are renowned for the application of scientific research to national and international policy.
